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Les droits sociaux dans le débat constitutionnel chilien

PROBLÈME

C'est un moment de changement. Après l'avancée rapide de l'agenda mondial du marché libre au cours des quatre dernières décennies, le paradigme néolibéral est de plus en plus remis en question par ses résultats : des inégalités socio-économiques croissantes et une dégradation écologique massive. De plus, les effets secondaires de la déréglementation de l'économie et de la privatisation des services publics ont compromis la jouissance des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels (ESC) dans le monde entier.

Le Chili fait désormais partie du raz-de-marée contre les politiques de laissez-faire et constitue un point central pour conduire de nouveaux cadres et alternatives institutionnelles pour dépasser l'hégémonie néolibérale. L'appel à une plus grande reconnaissance et garantie des droits ESC a été au cœur des revendications citoyennes, exprimées à travers les vagues successives de troubles sociaux, le processus constitutionnel inachevé de 2016 et le soulèvement social de 2019 qui a conduit à l'élaboration démocratique et participative d'un nouvelle Constitution pour la première fois dans l'histoire du pays.

Dans ce contexte, GI-ESCR a travaillé en étroite collaboration avec des partenaires aux niveaux international, régional et national, pour promouvoir la reconnaissance des droits ESC dans les débats constitutionnels du Chili.

Action

Notre théorie du changement se concentre sur notre capacité à faciliter la discussion au sein de l'écosystème plus large des parties prenantes qui détermine la prise de décision. À cette fin, nous avons rassemblé des preuves et développé de nouveaux récits, construit de larges coalitions pour le plaidoyer et les avons mobilisées pour promouvoir le changement dans le cadre institutionnel et l'opinion publique.

COLLECTER DES PREUVES POUR UN NOUVEAU RÉCIT

GI-ESCR effectue des recherches et collabore avec des partenaires depuis 2019 pour établir des normes de pointe en matière de droits de l'homme sur des questions allant des politiques de transition verte aux services publics. Grâce à un travail collectif et à une focalisation sur les expériences internationales et locales, nous avons:

  • Diffusé auprès des partenaires chiliens le Manifeste mondial pour les services publics, créé par GI-ESCR et huit autres organisations mondiales en tant que vision collective pour mobiliser un mouvement large et fort pour exiger des services publics pour tous.

  • Rédaction et publication du livre : « Les droits sociaux et le moment constitutionnel au Chili », qui a réuni 53 experts internationaux plaidant pour l'incorporation des droits économiques, sociaux, culturels et environnementaux dans la nouvelle Constitution.

  • Organisation de la série de webinaires « Sin recursos no hay derechos » réunissant des experts en fiscalité et en justice fiscale avec des dirigeants politiques.

  • Rédaction et publication du livre "Más que Juanitas" (Plus que Juanitas), qui a compilé pour la première fois les expériences et les points de vue sur les droits ESC de différents groupes de femmes au Chili. Plus de 30 organisations ont rédigé le contenu de cette publication.

  • Co-organisé une rencontre avec l'économiste Thomas Piketty et des membres de la Convention constitutionnelle pour discuter des sujets de justice fiscale.

Toutes ces activités et contenus nous ont aidés à développer un point de départ pour un nouveau récit dans le contexte chilien : la déclaration d'une liste de droits dans la nouvelle Constitution ne suffit pas à garantir les droits sociaux et à favoriser de meilleures conditions de vie pour tous. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il est également nécessaire d'inclure une perspective de genre, d'établir les principes d'une politique fiscale progressiste et l'incorporation de services publics universels et de qualité. Le Chili risque que les droits sociaux deviennent lettre morte sans ces éléments.

Magdalena Sepúlveda, GI-ESCR's exec. director, interviewed by CNN Chile about the book on social rights.
Meeting between the economist Thomas Piketty and members of the Constitutional Convention.
ESCR's executive director and the constituent Tatiana Urrutia during the launch of the book Más que Juanitas.

CONSTRUIRE UN MOUVEMENT

Pour faire avancer ce programme, nous avons travaillé avec d'autres organisations pour construire et mobiliser une coalition autour de la justice fiscale avec les syndicats du secteur public, le « Tax and Fiscal Justice Network in Chile ». Parallèlement, le GI-ESCR et ses partenaires ont réuni les syndicats et les organisations civiles dans une assemblée de la société civile pour les services publics. En conséquence, les deux réseaux ont rédigé des principes et des priorités sur ces sujets pour la future Constitution et ont tracé une voie pour la placer au premier plan du débat constitutionnel avec succès.

Assemby of organisations for public services, convened by GI-ESCR and PSI.
Workshop for drafting a proposal of constitutional content on public services
Representatives of the Citizen network for Fiscal Policy in Chile

GAGNER DE L'ELAN

La Convention constitutionnelle du Chili a ouvert différents canaux pour présenter des propositions pour la nouvelle carte. L'un était un canal de participation citoyenne appelé Initiative Populaire de Contenu Constitutionnel et un autre était l'Initiative de Contenu Constitutionnel où les représentants pouvaient présenter des propositions normatives. Le premier mécanisme nécessitait la collecte d'au moins 15 000 signatures de citoyens pour que la proposition soit analysée et votée par la Convention. La deuxième voie nécessitait le soutien d'au moins huit constituants pour être débattue.

Le GI-ESCR et ses partenaires ont décidé d'utiliser les deux mécanismes simultanément, mobilisant une initiative globale sur les services publics et la justice fiscale pour garantir les droits sociaux. En janvier 2022, le GI-ESCR et ses partenaires ont lancé une campagne pour recueillir les 15 000 signatures sous le slogan « Sans ressources et services publics, il n'y a pas de droits sociaux ». La campagne comprenait des médias sociaux, une couverture médiatique et des points de rue pour recueillir des signatures. Le GI-ESCR a coordonné la campagne, qui a progressivement recueilli le soutien de nouveaux mouvements sociaux et de groupes de réflexion progressistes, qui ont contribué à faire passer le mot et à inviter les gens à signer la pétition.

Parallèlement, le GI-ESCR a mené une série de réunions avec les membres de la convention constitutionnelle pour présenter notre proposition et demander leur soutien au sein de la convention. Nous avons approché 32 des 154 membres de la Convention.

Artwork sample of our campaign for the popular initiative of constitutional content
Gi-ESCR's team in the streets of Santiago, collective signatures for the popular initiative.

RÉSULTAT

Le GI-ESCR et ses partenaires ont recueilli 16 388 signatures soutenant l'initiative populaire, ce qui a donné une légitimité citoyenne à notre proposition. Simultanément, ils l'ont présenté à la convention avec le soutien de 12 de ses membres. Par conséquent, le GI-ESCR a assuré que la Convention constitutionnelle discutera et votera sur l'incorporation de services publics universels et de qualité et de dispositions de justice fiscale équitables et progressistes.

INFLUENCER LE DÉBAT

GI-ESCR a également réussi à influencer l'opinion publique, en mettant en lumière un sujet clé et inexploré dans le débat constitutionnel grâce à la mobilisation d'un groupe diversifié de représentants constitutionnels de tout l'éventail politique et de diverses organisations de la société civile autour de la proposition, y compris des mouvements sociaux, le secteur public syndicats, ONG, groupes de réflexion, médias et universités.

Le GI-ESCR continuera à coordonner les réseaux sur les services publics et la justice fiscale, en élargissant l'éventail des partenariats et en établissant des relations de confiance et significatives avec les représentants constitutionnels qui ont soutenu la proposition.

ALLIANCES

  • Public Services International

  • Amnesty International Chile

  • Agrupación Nacional de Empleados Fiscales (ANEF)

  • Asociación Nacional de Empleados del Poder Judicial (ANEJUD)

  • Asociación Nacional de Empleados de Impuestos Internos (ANEIICH)

  • Asociación de Fiscalizadores de Impuestos Internos de Chile (AFIICH)

  • Confederación Nacional de Empleados Municipales de Chile (ASEMUCH)

  • Confederación Nacional de Funcionarios de la Salud Municipal (CONFUSAM)

  • Confederación Nacional de Asistentes de la Educación Municipal de Chile (CONFEMUCH)

  • Confederación Nacional de Profesionales Universitarios de los Servicios de Salud (FENPRUSS)

  • Federación Nacional de Trabajadores de las Obras Sanitarias (FENATRAOS)

  • Fundación Ciudadanía Inteligente

  • Techo Chile - Fundación Vivienda - CES

  • Amnesty International Chile

  • Instituto Igualdad

  • Fundación Rumbo Colectivo

  • Fundación Nodo XXI

  • Friedrich Ebert Stiftung - FES Chile

  • Corporación Humanas

  • Corporación La Morada

  • Asociación de Familiares y Amigos de Prematuros (ASFAPREM)

  • Tremendas Chile

  • Network for Citizen Participation

  • University of Essex - Human Rights Centre

  • University of Concepción - Programme of Law. Enviroment and Climate Change, and Programme of European Studies

  • ONG FIMA

  • Observatorio Ciudadano

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Climate and Environmental Justice

We have advanced rights-based and gender-transformative transition frameworks through research that centres the lived experiences of women and marginalised communities on the frontlines of extractive energy policies, promoting climate and energy frameworks attentive to the social and care-related impacts of transition pathways. We have developed a clear vision for a gender-just transition, firmly rooted in gender and human rights norms, establishing both the legal basis and the direction for the transformative changes our planet and societies urgently need. In particular, the ‘Guiding Principles for Gender Equality and Human Rights in the Energy Transition’, a collective effort built through online consultations, an in-person workshop and multiple rounds of revision with activists, practitioners and experts from around the world, outline a transformative vision for reshaping global energy systems through a human rights and gender equality lens.

Our work recognises that the climate emergency is both an existential threat and an opportunity to reimagine societies built on social, gender, economic and environmental justice. We ground our advocacy in feminist and intersectional principles, prioritising the agency and perspectives of communities in the Global South who have contributed the least to the climate emergency yet face its most devastating consequences. Central to our approach is the understanding that energy is not merely a commodity but a fundamental human right; essential for dignity, health, education, work and the realisation of countless other rights. We challenge approaches to the energy transition that risk replicating the harmful patterns of fossil fuel extraction and, instead, advocate for transformative policies that ensure human rights and gender equality as central to building climate-resilient societies rooted in dignity, justice and planetary well-being.

What's next?

We will continue to challenge approaches that treat energy transition as merely a technical shift, instead positioning it as an opportunity to reimagine economies and societies rooted in dignity for all, with particular attention to communities in the Global South who have contributed least to the climate emergency yet are most exposed to its worst effects.

We will connect community-level evidence and the lived experiences of those on the frontlines of extractive policies to national reform and global norm-setting, breaking down silos between human rights, gender, and climate movements, and advancing a shared vision that recognises just transitions as not only fundamental to achieving climate-resilient and sustainable societies, but as transformative pathways that advance social and gender equality, redistribute power and resources equitably, and ensure that energy systems serve the public good rather than profit.

We will mainstream rights-based and genderjust transition priorities in key multilateral spaces (particularly, within the Just Transition Work Programme and the to-be-developed Just Transition Mechanism, within the UNFCCC) to guarantee that just transitions are advanced at all levels.

We will also translate our work, through strategic advocacy, into at least two concrete policy wins, whether promoted, adopted, implemented, or scaled, in priority countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa, or Kenya), ensuring these policies align with human rights standards, centre gender equality, and reflect the needs and views of affected communities.

We will build momentum for the progressive recognition of the right to sustainable energy to shift dominant narratives away from purely extractive solutions that sideline gendered impacts, community participation, and Global South perspectives.

Economic Justice and Climate Finance

Our work has transformed the global discussion on fiscal policy in a more just, emancipatory and sustainable direction. Our approach has combined both high-level, expert contributions within decisionmaking circles, with bold, impactful work on narrative change with the general public.

We have been instrumental in the inclusion of human rights as a guiding principle of the future United Nations Framework Convention on International Tax Cooperation, a multilateral instrument with the potential of raising approx. USD 492 billion per year in public revenues currently foregone to global tax abuse. In the process leading to the ‘Compromiso de Sevilla’ decided at FfD4, we proposed and succeeded in creating a specific human rights workstream within the Civil Society Financing for Development Mechanism, which was critical to ensure that explicit commitments on the matter were included in the negotiating outcome. In a context of cutbacks in multilateral institutions, we have amplified the capacities of technical experts, providing rigorous technical support and leveraging our influence to ensure the enactments of groundbreaking standard-setting instruments, such as the 2025 UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Statement on Fiscal Policy and Human Rights, and the first ex oficio hearing on the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights on Fiscal and Economic Policies to Address Poverty and Structural Inequality, leading to an upcoming thematic resolution on the matter. We have also bridged the silos between multilateral tax discussions and climate finance debates, promoting ambitious financing commitments to increase international and domestic resource mobilisation during COP 28, 29 and 30.

At the regional level, our engagement with fiscal cooperation platforms such as the Platform for Fiscal Cooperation of Latin America and the Caribbean (PTLAC), where we are member of its Civil Society Consultative Council, and the African Anti-IFFs Policy Tracker, for which we participated in the pilot mission in Ivory Coast together with Tax Justice Network Africa (TJNA), have been critical in cementing a growing engagement between tax administrations and ministries of finance with international legal experts, exploring actionable and transformative initiatives, such as the taxation of high-net-worth individuals, beneficial ownership registries and corporate countryby-country reports, to be implemented at the international level.

At the local level, our interventions in fiscal reform debates in Chile, Brazil, Colombia and Nigeria have contributed to shaping legislative outcomes in a more progressive, rights-compliant direction.

As for our leadership in narrative change, we have a measurable track record in delivering tailored, innovative campaigns which have decisively expanded economic justice constituencies by appealing to a broader tent. In Latin America and the Caribbean, we created the ‘Date Cuenta’ campaign, coordinating over 40 organisations across civil society to deliver plain language, innovative messaging connecting progressive fiscal reforms to the financing of health, education and social protection. ‘Date Cuenta’ generated over 55 original campaign messages that were tailored to the realities of seven priority countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Honduras) and disseminated in Spanish, Portuguese and English. In doing so, we convened more than 65 online co-creation workshops with partners, coordinating a unified communications strategy which combined digital outreach, press and media coverage, and collaboration with influencers. Ultimately, ‘Date Cuenta’ resulted in more than 60,000 interactions on social media, coverage in major regional and international media outlets, including El País, Deutsche Welle, Bloomberg and France 24, and the participation of at least 63 social media influencers through 58 dedicated publications. In collaboration with Fundación Gabo and the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, we also organised a two-day workshop in Bogota with 20 journalists from 13 countries, building a regional network trained in a human rights-based approach to fiscal policy that has since generated published media coverage on outlets such as La Diaria, Ciper, El Diario Ar and Milenio. Through ‘Date Cuenta’ and our regional advocacy, we strengthened civil society engagement in key processes, including the Financing for Development track and FfD4, co-organised highlevel dialogues with states and civil society from Latin America and Africa.

What's next?

We will shape the UN Tax Convention and its Protocols so they embed human rights principles, and we will stay engaged through follow-up processes (including the expected Conference of the Parties) to support effective implementation. We will keep linking tax and climate finance so that new resources mobilised through fiscal cooperation are channelled to adaptation, mitigation, and loss and damage, in line with UNFCCC commitments.

Public Services for Care Societies

We have translated participatory research into accountability and policy outcomes.

In Ivory Coast, our work with Mouvement Ivoirien des Droits Humains and affected communities since 2023 exposed how privatisation and lack of accountability restrict access to quality healthcare. It contributed to the closure of 1,022 illegal private health centres, an executive instrument strengthening the regulation of private hospitals across the country, and the creation of a permanent complaints management committee in healthcare through a bylaw issued by the prefect of Gagnoa. Partners engaged through this process also advanced concrete improvements at facility level: members of the Gagnoa Midwives Association who took part in the participatory action research pooled resources to renovate the neonatal unit of the Regional Hospital, and the Director of the Gagnoa General Hospital launched an action plan to expand services and improve patient reception, with the facility receiving the award for best hospital in the country in 2025.

In Kenya, our research with the Mathare Education Taskforce documented the absence of public schools and the expansion of private provision, evidencing impacts on households and caregivers and strengthening demands for free, quality public education. This work contributed to stronger community agency and collective organisation, alongside ongoing strategies ranging from communications to litigation to secure a public school in the area, some involving GI-ESCR and others led independently.

Across Africa, this work is complemented by a multi-country study examining the human rights implications of austerity in education and health, including how regressive fiscal policies, rising debt burdens and persistent underinvestment undermine the financing and delivery of public services.

In Latin America, from 29 November to 2 December 2021, over a thousand representatives from over one hundred countries, from grassroots movements, advocacy, human rights, and development organisations, feminist movements, trade unions, and other civil society organisations, met in Santiago, Chile, and virtually, to discuss the critical role of public services for our future. Following the meeting, the Santiago Declaration on Public Services was adopted to demand universal access to quality, gender-transformative and equitable public services as the foundation of a fair and just society.

We are currently advancing work on care systems, linking public services and fiscal justice through integrated research, advocacy and communications, including a regional campaign framing care as a collective responsibility requiring sustained public investment.

What's next?

In Ivory Coast, we will evaluate and strengthen the complaints management committee and position it as a replicable model for other health facilities. In Kenya, we will support the Mathare community to co-design a model public school for Mabatini and Ngei wards, grounded in human rights standards. Building on our multi-country austerity study, we will drive national advocacy on financing for education and health: advancing reforms in Ghana; launching a fiscal policy and public services financing agenda in Kenya through the CESCR process and targeted coalition work; and, in Nigeria, using the new tax acts in force since 1 January 2026 to catalyse a national accountability campaign for adequately funded, quality public services. In Latin America, we will amplify locally led care pilots across 8 countries and turn lessons into influence—advancing care policies that strengthen care organisations, protect care workers’ rights, support unpaid caregivers, include disability and family networks, and redistribute care more equitably.