This publication examines the just transition negotiations at COP30 in Belém, situating them within the broader evolution of the Just Transition Work Programme since its establishment at COP27 and the growing mobilisation of civil society throughout 2025.

'Just Transition Negotiations at COP: How We Arrived and How We Left Belém' traces the political, procedural and substantive dynamics that led to the recognition of specific guidance on just transition and the decision to develop a new institutional arrangement within the UNFCCC, highlighting the actors involved, the points of contestation, and the compromises reached.

By unpacking the negotiations before, during and after COP30, the publication reflects on the progress achieved, the limitations that remain, and the implications of the outcomes for the development of the Belém Action Mechanism and for continued civil society engagement in the years ahead.